Reuse and permissions

I want my work to be read, discussed and built upon, with appropriate credit. This page explains what you can do without asking and when you need my permission first.

What you can do without asking

  • Link to any page on this site.
  • Quote short extracts for research, teaching, criticism, review or discussion. Acknowledge me as the author and link to the source page where possible. For example: Was Rahman, “[Title]”, wasrahman.com, [year], [URL].
  • Make any other use permitted by law, such as fair dealing for private study or non-commercial research.

Articles with a Creative Commons licence

Some articles carry a Creative Commons licence, shown at the end of the article. Where a licence is shown, you may reuse the article on the terms of that licence without asking.

Most licensed articles use the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC 4.0). Under this licence, you may share and adapt the article for non-commercial purposes, provided you:

  • credit me as the author
  • link to the licence
  • indicate if you made changes.

You must not suggest that I endorse you or your use.

Commercial reuse of a licensed article requires my prior written permission. It will always require attribution. If you are unsure whether your use is commercial, please ask.

Everything else: please ask first

For material without a Creative Commons licence, please request permission before any reuse beyond linking and short quotation. This includes:

  • republishing a whole article or a substantial part of a page
  • translating or adapting material
  • including material in a book, course, report, presentation or training resource
  • any commercial use.

Permission is granted only when I confirm it in writing. It applies only to the use described in your request.

What licences and permissions do not cover

Unless stated otherwise, neither the Creative Commons licences nor my permission extend to:

  • photographs, including my portrait
  • material created by other people, including diagrams, images and quotations from other works
  • quotations from research participants, which are included with their consent for the purpose shown here.

For third-party material, please contact the rights holder directly.

Automated analysis and AI training

I reserve all rights to use content on this site for training artificial intelligence systems and for commercial text and data mining, except where a Creative Commons licence or applicable law permits it. Please request permission for any such use.

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I’ll keep a record of this request and my reply as evidence of what was agreed. See the privacy policy.

I aim to respond within five working days. Please allow more time if your request is urgent or complex.